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A fast, compliant alternative implementation of Python
Download PyPyOn average, PyPy is 4.2 times faster than CPython
PyPy (with JIT) benchmark times normalized to CPython. Smaller isbetter. Based on the geometric average of all benchmarks
Advantages and distinct Features
Speed: thanks to its Just-in-Time compiler, Python programsoften run faster on PyPy. (What is a JIT compiler?)
Memory usage: memory-hungry Python programs (several hundreds ofMBs or more) might end up taking less space than they do in CPython.
Compatibility: PyPy is highly compatible with existing python code.It supports cffi, cppyy, and can run popular python libraries liketwisted, and django. It can also run NumPy, Scikit-learn and more via ac-extension compatibility layer.
Stackless: PyPy comes by default with support for stackless mode,providing micro-threads for massive concurrency.
As well as other features.
2.1. Invoking the Interpreter¶
The Python interpreter is usually installed as /usr/local/bin/python3.9on those machines where it is available; putting /usr/local/bin in yourUnix shell’s search path makes it possible to start it by typing the command:
to the shell. 1 Since the choice of the directory where the interpreter livesis an installation option, other places are possible; check with your localPython guru or system administrator. (E.g., /usr/local/python is apopular alternative location.)
On Windows machines where you have installed Python from the Microsoft Store, the python3.9 command will be available. If you havethe py.exe launcher installed, you can use the pycommand. See Excursus: Setting environment variables for other ways to launch Python.
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Typing an end-of-file character (Control-D on Unix, Control-Z onWindows) at the primary prompt causes the interpreter to exit with a zero exitstatus. If that doesn’t work, you can exit the interpreter by typing thefollowing command: quit().
The interpreter’s line-editing features include interactive editing, historysubstitution and code completion on systems that support the GNU Readline library.Perhaps the quickest check to see whether command line editing is supported istyping Control-P to the first Python prompt you get. If it beeps, youhave command line editing; see Appendix Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution for anintroduction to the keys. If nothing appears to happen, or if ^P isechoed, command line editing isn’t available; you’ll only be able to usebackspace to remove characters from the current line.
The interpreter operates somewhat like the Unix shell: when called with standardinput connected to a tty device, it reads and executes commands interactively;when called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it readsand executes a script from that file.
A second way of starting the interpreter is python-ccommand[arg]...,which executes the statement(s) in command, analogous to the shell’s-c option. Since Python statements often contain spaces or othercharacters that are special to the shell, it is usually advised to quotecommand in its entirety with single quotes.
Some Python modules are also useful as scripts. These can be invoked usingpython-mmodule[arg]..., which executes the source file for module asif you had spelled out its full name on the command line.
When a script file is used, it is sometimes useful to be able to run the scriptand enter interactive mode afterwards. This can be done by passing -ibefore the script.
All command line options are described in Command line and environment.
2.1.1. Argument Passing¶
When known to the interpreter, the script name and additional argumentsthereafter are turned into a list of strings and assigned to the argvvariable in the sys module. You can access this list by executing importsys. The length of the list is at least one; when no script and no argumentsare given, sys.argv[0] is an empty string. When the script name is given as'-' (meaning standard input), sys.argv[0] is set to '-'. When-ccommand is used, sys.argv[0] is set to '-c'. When-mmodule is used, sys.argv[0] is set to the full name of thelocated module. Options found after -ccommand or -mmodule are not consumed by the Python interpreter’s option processing butleft in sys.argv for the command or module to handle.
2.1.2. Interactive Mode¶
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When commands are read from a tty, the interpreter is said to be in interactivemode. In this mode it prompts for the next command with the primary prompt,usually three greater-than signs (>>>); for continuation lines it promptswith the secondary prompt, by default three dots (...). The interpreterprints a welcome message stating its version number and a copyright noticebefore printing the first prompt:
Continuation lines are needed when entering a multi-line construct. As anexample, take a look at this if statement:
Python Version Check
For more on interactive mode, see Interactive Mode.